restressed concrete is one of the most reliable, durable, and widely used construction materials in building and bridge projects around the world. It has made significant contributions to the construction industry, the precast manufacturing industry, and the cement industry as a whole. It has led to an enormous array of structural applications, including buildings, bridges, nuclear power vessels, TV towers, and offshore drilling platforms.

 This second edition of “Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals” is completely updated and expanded.  It is written for advanced students, professional engineers, and researchers.  It is meant as a thorough teaching text, a comprehensive source of information, and a basic reference. It emphasizes the fundamental concepts of analysis and design of prestressed concrete structures, providing the user with the essential knowledge and tools to deal with everyday design problems, while encouraging the necessary critical thinking to tackle more complex problems with confidence. 

 This book:

• Integrates the provisions of the 2002 ACI building code in text and examples

• Offers an extensive treatment of bridge analysis and design according to the AASHTO LRFD specifications (1998-2002 interim)

• Covers shear and torsion according to the 2002 ACI code and the compression field theory adopted in the AASHTO LRFD specifications

• Presents a new chapter on strut-and-tie modeling

• Covers slenderness effects in prestressed concrete columns, and provides load-moment interaction diagrams for prestressed columns and poles

• Offers a comprehensive treatment of two-way slab systems

• Covers the accurate time-step procedure to compute prestress losses and long-term deflections

• Presents a unique treatment of prestressed tensile members by optimum design

• Offers a rigorous treatment of prestressed continuous beams

• Offers an extensive treatment of prestressed composite beams

• Offers a rigorous treatment of fundamentals as applied to serviceability and ultimate strength limit states for bending, shear, compression and tension members

• Presents essential constitutive models for prestressing materials

• Presents a large number of logical design flow charts and design examples

• Contains close to five hundred illustrations and photographs

• Contains sufficient material for a two-semester course on the subject

• Contains a large number of examples, an extensive updated bibliography, and an appendix with answers to study problems

• Uses consistent notation and consistent sign convention

• Uses dual units (US and SI) throughout for key equations and reference data

Chapter 1  Principle and Methods of Prestressing

Introduction / Examples of Prestressing / History of Prestressed Concrete / Prestressing Methods – Pretensioning – Posttensioning - Self-Stressing / Prestressing Systems / Particular Prestressing Techniques - External Prestressing - Circular Prestressing - Stage Stressing - Partial Prestressing / Prestressed Versus Reinforced Concrete / Example / Looking Ahead / References / Problems

Chapter 2  Prestressing Materials: Steel and Concrete

Reinforcing Steels / Prestressing Steel - Types of Prestressing Tendons - Production Process - Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties – Relaxation - Effects of Temperature – Fatigue - Corrosion / Concrete – Composition - Stress-Strain Curve - Mechanical Properties – Shrinkage – Creep – Fatigue - Effects of Temperature - Steam Curing / Constitutive Modeling - Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete in Compression - Stress-Strain Curve of Reinforcing Steel in Tension - Stress-Strain Curve of Prestressing Steel in Tension / Concluding Remarks / References / Problems

Chapter 3  The Philosophy of Design

What is Design? / Analysis or Investigation Versus Design / Design Objectives / Limit State Design Philosophy / Common Design Approaches - WSD (or ASD) - USD, SD, or LRFD - Plastic Design or Limit Design - Nonlinear Design, Probabilistic Design / Design Codes / Loads / Allowable Stresses – Concrete - Prestressing Steel - Reinforcing Steel / Load and Strength Reduction Factors - Load Factors -  Strength Reduction Factors / Some Design Comparisons:  Reinforced Versus Prestressed Concrete - Practical Design Approach - C-Force and C-Line - Characteristic Response of RC, PC, and PPC in Bending in the Elastic Range of Behavior - Curvature Computation - Load Balancing Feature of Prestressing / ACI Code Viewpoint Related to Prestressed and Partially Prestressed Concrete - Class Definition and Related Serviceability Design Requirements - Tension Controlled and Compression Controlled Sections / Details of Reinforcement / Prestress Losses in Preliminary Design / Concluding Remarks / References

Chapter 4  Flexure: Working Stress Analysis and Design

Analysis Versus Design / Concepts of Prestressing / Notations for Flexure - Example:  Computation of Sectional Properties / Sign Convention - Examples / Loading Stages / Allowable Stresses / Mathematical Basis for Flexural Analysis / Geometric Interpretation of the Stress Inequality Conditions / Example: Analysis and Design of a Prestressed Beam - Simply Supported T Beam - Simply Supported T Beam with Single Cantilever on One Side / Use of the Stress Inequality Conditions for the Design of Section Properties / Examples of Use of Minimum Section Properties - Minimum Weight Slab - Minimum Weight Beam - Selection of Optimum Beam from a Given Set of Beams / Limiting the Eccentricity along the Span - Limit Kern Versus Central Kern - Steel Envelopes and Limit Zone – Example - Limit Location of Draping Section / Some Preliminary Design Tips / Cracking Moment / Limiting the Amount of Prestressed Reinforcement / End Zone: Pretensioned Members - Transfer Length and Development Length - End Zone Reinforcement / End Zone: Posttensioned Members - Analysis of Stresses - Anchorage Zone Design - Example: Design of End Zone Reinforcement / References / Problems

Chapter 5  Flexure: Ultimate Strength Analysis and Design

Load-Deflection Response - RC Versus PC at Ultimate / Terminology / Flexural Types of Failures / Special Notation / General Criteria for Ultimate Strength Design of Bending Members - Design Criteria - Minimum Reinforcement or Minimum Moment Resistance: Code Recommendations - ACI Code Provisions for Tension-Controlled, Transition, and Compression-Controlled Sections at Increasing Levels of Reinforcement - AASHTO LRDF Recommendation on Maximum Reinforcement / Background for Analysis of Sections at Ultimate - Objective – Assumptions - Satisfying Equilibrium / Nominal Bending Resistance: Mathematical Formulation for Rectangular Section or Rectangular Section Behavior – Under-Reinforced and Tension-Controlled - Force Equilibrium - Moment Equilibrium - Solution Procedure / Example: Nominal Bending Resistance of a Rectangular Section - Partially Prestressed Section - Fully Prestressed Section - Unbonded Tendons / Nominal Bending Resistance: Mathematical Formulation for T-Section Behavior of Flanged Section - Condition for T-Section Behavior - Fully Prestressed Section - Partially Prestressed Section - Remark / Example: Nominal Bending Resistance of T Section - Partially Prestressed Section - Fully Prestressed Section - Unbonded Tendons - Odd Case / Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Bending Resistance - f_ps per ACI Code - f_ps per AASHTO LRFD Specification for Bridge Design - Author’s Recommendation / Nominal Bending Resistance: Under-Reinforced Section, AASHTO LRFD Code - Equilibrium Equations for Rectangular and Flanged  Sections - Solution for Members with Bonded Tendons - Solution for Members with Unbonded Tendons - Solution for Members with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons - Example: PPC (Partially Prestressed Concrete) Rectangular Section with Bonded Tendons (AASHTO) - Example: PPC (Partially Prestressed Concrete) T Section with Bonded Tendons (AASHTO) / Nominal Moment Resistance: Over-Reinforced and Non Tension-Controlled Sections - ACI Code - AASHTO LRFD - Example of Over-Reinforced Section as per AASHTO LRFD / Concept of Reinforcing Index – Definitions -  Meaning of we - Useful Relationships - Relationship between Reinforcement Ratio, Reinforcing Index, and c/d_e / Justification for the Definition of weand d_e and Their Relation to the Limitations on Levels of Reinforcement and Moment Redistribution - Reinforced Concrete - Prestressed Concrete - Partially Prestressed Concrete / Derivation of Minimum Reinforcement Ratio, Minimum Reinforcing Index, or Minimum c/d_e - Approximation: Minimum Reinforcement Ratio for Prestressed Concrete - Minimum Reinforcing Index for RC, PC, and PPC - Minimum c/d_e Ratio for RC, PC, and PPC Rectangular Sections / Satisfying Ultimate Strength Design Requirements - Basis for Ultimate Strength Design (USD) - Possible Remedies to Satisfy Inadequate Nominal Bending Resistance / Example: Analysis or Investigation Checking for All Ultimate Strength Design Criteria / Reinforcement Design for Ultimate Strength - Example: Reinforcement Design for Nominal Resistance – Rectangular Section - Example: Reinforcement Design for Nominal Resistance – T Section / Composite Beams / Continuous Beams and Moment Redistribution / Concluding Remarks / Additional Design Examples Based on USD - Example 1: Analysis with Unbonded Tendons Illustrating Eq. (5.41) - Example 2: Given A_ps, Design for A_s Based on USD – Unbonded Tendons - Example 3: Given A_s, Design for A_ps Based on USD – Unbonded Tendons - Example 4: Given A_s, Design for A_ps Based on USD – Bonded Tendons / References / Problems

Chapter 6  Design for Shear and Torsion

Introduction / Shear Design / Prestressed Versus Reinforced Concrete in Shear / Diagonal Tension in Uncracked Sections / Shear Stresses in Uncracked Sections / Shear Cracking Behavior / Shear Reinforcement after Cracking / ACI Code Design Criteria for Shear - Basic Approach - Shear Strength Provided by Concrete - Required Area of Shear Reinforcement - Limitations and Special Cases - Critical Sections for Shear / Design Expedients / Example: Design of Shear Reinforcement - Elaborate Approach to Determine v_{c -} Alternate Conservative Approach to Determine v_{c -} Design for Increased Live Load: Partially Prestressed Beam / Derivation of Concrete Nominal Shear Strength Equations (ACI Code) / AASHTO General Procedure for Shear Design - General Sectional Procedure for Shear Design - Special Considerations - Example: Shear Design by AASHTO LRFD Code / Torsion and Torsion Design / Behavior under Pure Torsion / Background to Stress Analysis and Design for Torsion - Torsional Stresses - Torsional Cracking Strength - Torsional Resistance after Cracking - Combined Loading - Design Theories for Torsion and Code Related Approaches / Design for Torsion by the 2002 ACI Code - Definition of Section Parameters - Basic Assumptions and Design Strategy - Condition for Consideration of Torsion in Design - Critical Section for Torsion - Maximum Allowable Torsional Moment Strength - Transverse Reinforcement Design - Longitudinal Torsion Reinforcement - Combining Shear and Torsion Reinforcement - Minimum Torsion Reinforcement - Spacing and Detailing - Type of Torsion Reinforcement - Design Steps for Combined Torsion and Shear / Example: Torsion Design of a Prestressed Beam / Shear and Torsion in Partially Prestressed Members / References / Problems

Chapter 7  Deflection Computation and Control

Serviceability / Deflection:  Types and Characteristics - Terminology / Notation - Key Variables Affecting Deflections in a Given Beam / Theoretical Deflection Derivations - Moment-Area Theorems - Example / Short-Term Deflections in Prestressed Members - Uncracked Members - Cracked Members / Background to Understanding Long-Term Deflection / Additional Long-Term Deflection:  Simplified Prediction Methods - Additional Long-Term Deflection Using ACI Code Multiplier - Additional Long-Term Deflection Using Branson’s Multipliers - Additional Long-Term Deflection Using Martin’s Multiplier - Additional Long-Term Deflection: Heuristic or “Rule of Thumb” Method - Discussion / Deflection Limitations / Strategy for Checking Deflection Criteria / Example:  Deflection of Uncracked or Cracked Prestressed Beam - Fully Prestressed Beam – Uncracked under Full Service Load - Partially Prestressed Beam / Integrating the Modulus of Concrete into Time-Dependent Deflection Calculations - Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus -  Equivalent Modulus - Equivalent Cyclic-Dependent Modulus / Long-Term Deflection by Incremental Time Steps - Theoretical Approach - Simplified C-Line Approach / Example:  Time-Dependent Deflection Using the C-Line Approach / Example:  Comparison of Long-Term Deflections Predicted from Different Methods / Deflection Control / Concluding Remarks / References / Problems

Chapter 8  Computation of Prestress Losses

Sources of Loss of Prestress / Total Losses in Pretensioned Members / Total Losses in Posttensioned Members  / Methods for Estimating Prestress Losses / Lump Sum Estimate of Total Losses – Background - Lump Sum Estimate of Prestress Loss: AASHTO LRFD / Separate Lump Sum Estimate of Each Time-Dependent Loss – AASHTO LRFD - Total Loss Due to Shrinkage - Total Loss Due to Creep - Total Loss Due to Relaxation - Losses for Deflection Calculations - Example: Losses Due to Relaxation / Loss Due to Elastic Shortening - Pretensioned Construction:  Approximate Method and AASHTO LRFD - Pretensioned Construction:  Accurate Method - Posttensioned Construction:  AASHTO LRFD - Posttensioned Construction:  Accurate Method / Example:  Elastic Shortening Loss in Pretensioned Beam / Example:  Computation of Prestress Losses for a Pretensioned Beam by Lump Sum Methods - Lump Sum Estimate of Total Losses by AASHTO LRFD - Lump Sum Estimates of Separate Losses by AASHTO LRFD / Example:  Typical Stress History in Strands / Time-Dependent Loss Due to Steel Relaxation / Time-Dependent Loss Due to Shrinkage - Example:  Shrinkage Loss Assuming No Other Loss Occurs / Time-Dependent Loss Due to Creep - Example:  Creep Loss Assuming No Other Loss Occurs / Prestress Losses by the Time-Step Method / Example:  Computation of Prestress Losses for a Pretensioned Beam by the Time-Step Method  / Loss Due to Friction - Analytical Formulation - Graphical Representation - Example: Computation of Losses Due to Friction / Loss Due to Anchorage Set - Concept of Area Lost or Equivalent Energy Lost - Example:  Loss Due to Anchorage Set / Loss Due to Anchorage Set in Short Beams - Example: Anchorage Set Loss in a Short Beam / Concluding Remarks / References / Problems

Chapter 9  Analysis and Design of Composite Beams

Types of Prestressed Concrete Composite Beams / Advantages of Composite Construction / Particular Design Aspects of Prestressed Composite Beams / Loading Stages, Shored Versus Unshored Beams / Effective and Transformed Flange Width and Section Properties - Effective Flange Width - Transformed Flange Width - Cross Section Properties of Composite Section / Interface Shear or Horizontal Shear - Evaluation of Horizontal Shear - ACI Code Provisions for Horizontal Shear at Contact Surface / Flexure:  Working Stress Analysis and Design - Extreme Loadings - Stress Inequality Conditions - Feasible Domain, Limit Kern, Steel Envelopes - Cracking Moment - Minimum Section Moduli of Composite Sections - Example: Selection of Optimum Beam from a Given Set of Beams / Flexure: Ultimate Strength Analysis and Design / Designing for Shear and Torsion / Deflections / Example: Prestressed Composite Floor Beam / AASHTO LRFD Provisions on Shear Tie Reinforcement at Contact Surface of Composite Beams - Nominal Shear Transfer Resistance / References / Problems

Chapter 10  Continuous Beams and Indeterminate Structures

Advantages and Forms / Necessary Analytical Background / Sign Convention and Special Notation / Secondary Moments and Zero-Load-C (ZLC) Line / Example:  Secondary Moments and Concordancy Property / Linear Transformation / Concordant Tendons / External Loads Equivalent to Prestressing -  Concept of Equivalent Load - Application of Equivalent Load to a Continuous Tendon - Example: Equivalent Load - Example: Equivalent Load for a Circular and Parabolic Tendon Profile / Prestressing Moment and Elastic Stresses - Moment Due to Prestressing,  - Example: Prestressed Moments by the Equivalent Load Method - Elastic Stresses in a Continuous Beam / Design Aids / Working Stress Analysis and Design – Assumptions - Analysis or Investigation - Design / Limit Kern and Limit Zone / Load-Balancing Method - General Approach - Load Balancing of Edge-Supported Slabs - Example:  Load Balancing of an Edge-Supported Slab - Load Balancing of Frames - Limitations of Load Balancing / Ultimate Strength Analysis - Treatment of Secondary Moments - Limit Analysis - Redistribution of Moments - Secondary Moment and Moment Redistribution - Prediction of Plastic Rotation in PPC Beams / Example:  Design of a Prestressed Continuous Beam / Useful Design Aids for Continuous Beams / References / Problems

Chapter 11  Prestressed Concrete Slabs

Slab Systems - General Design Approach / Unbonded Tendons in One and Two-Way Slab Systems - Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Tendons / Design of One-Way Slabs - Design Procedure - Minimum Bonded Reinforcement - Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement - Additional Design Notes - Deflection / Example:  Design of a Five-Span Continuous One-Way Slab Prestressed with Unbonded Tendons / Characteristics of Two-Way Flat Slabs - Load Path - Reinforcement Layout - Theoretical Distribution of Moments - Special Notations / Analysis and Design Methods – Analysis – Design - Load Balancing / Analysis by the Equivalent-Frame Method - General Approach - Computation of Moments and Shear Forces / Design Distribution of Moments and Tendons / Preliminary Design Information and Design Tips - Slab Thickness and Reinforcement Cover for Fire Safety - Punching Shear - Average Prestress - Nonprestressed Reinforcement - Deflection / Prestressed Flat Plates:  Design for Flexure - Working Stress Design - Allowable Stresses - Ultimate Strength Design - Minimum Bonded Reinforcement - Nominal to Cracking Moment Condition / Flat Plates:  Design for Shear - Concrete Shear Capacity - Transfer Moment Between Columns and Slab - Maximum Shear Stress in Critical Section - Design Tips - Shear Reinforcement / Deflection of Flat Plates - Elastic Solution - Equivalent Frame Approach / Summary of Design Steps for Two-Way Prestressed Flat Plates / Example:  Design of a Two-Way Prestressed Flat Plate / References / Problems

Chapter 12  Analysis and Design of Tensile Members

Types of Tension Members / Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Tension Members - Example: Relative Deformation of Tension Members / Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Tension Members / Analysis of Tension Members - Service Stresses, Decompression, Cracking and Ultimate Load -  Short- and Long-Term Deformations - Example: Analysis-Investigation of a Tension Member / Optimum Design of Tension Members - Formulation of Design Criteria - Design Approximations - Minimum Cost Solution - Example / Circular Structures:  Tanks and Pressure Vessels - Analysis of Stresses – Design - Example: Preliminary Design of Cylindrical Wall Thickness - Practical Considerations for Design / Combined Tension and Bending / References / Problems

Chapter 13  Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Types and Their Advantages / Behavior of Columns - Load-Deformation Response – Classification - Load-Moment Interaction Diagram - ACI Code Design Interaction Diagram / Analysis of Short Columns – Assumptions - Basic Equations for Square and Rectangular Sections - Partially Prestressed Square or Rectangular Sections - Circular Hollow-Cored and I-Shaped Sections / Example: Column Load-Moment Interaction Diagram / ACI Code and Other Design Considerations - Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement - Lateral or Transverse Reinforcement - Minimum Size of Columns - Minimum Eccentricity - Transfer Zone / Slender Columns: Theoretical Background - Definition of Braced, Unbraced, Sway and Non-Sway Columns or Frames - Single and Double Curvature - Terminology and Definitions - Stiffness under Cracked Conditions for First-Order Frame Analysis / Slenderness Effects: ACI Code Philosophy / ACI Code Design Provisions for Slender Columns by the Moment Magnifier Method - Sway and Non-Sway Condition - Effective Length Factor k - Effective Slenderness Ratio and Slenderness Condition - Moment Magnification in Non-Sway Frames - Magnified Moments in Sway Frames with 22 < kl_u / r < 100 - Additional Design Checks - Design According to the PCI Committee on Columns / Example: Slender Column Using the PCI Approach - Non-Sway or Braced Column - Sway or Unbraced Column / Design Expedients and Design Aids - Preliminary Dimensioning - Design Charts: Load-Moment Interaction Diagrams / Biaxial Bending / New Design Methodology for Slender Prestressed Columns / Concluding Remarks / /References / Problems

Chapter 14  Prestressed Concrete Bridges

Scope / Types of Bridges - Short-Span Bridges - Medium- and Long-Span Bridges Using Precast Beams - Long- and Very Long-Span Bridges / Rational Evolution of Bridge Form with Span Length / Special Construction Techniques for Bridges - Segmental Construction - Truss Bridges - Stress Ribbon or Inverted Suspension Bridges - Use of New Materials / Design Specifications and General Design Philosophy (AASHTO-LRFD) - Limit States - Load Combinations, Load Factors and Resistance Factors - Allowable Stresses for Service Limit States / Bridge Live Loads - Traffic Lane and Design (or Loading) Lane - Basic Types of Live Loads - Live Load Combinations for Design - Conditions of Application of Live Loads - Impact Factor - Multiple Presence Factor - Pedestrian Load and Sidewalk Load - Deflection Limit - Other Requirements / Distribution of Live Loads and Beam Distribution Factors - Load Distribution Factors - Remarks Related to a Particular Bridge Deck Type - Simplified Distribution Factor by Heuristic Approach / Design Aids for Live Load Moments and Shears for One Loading Lane - General Rule for Concentrated Loads in Simply Supported Spans - Equations for Live Load Moments and Shears in Simply Supported Spans - Design Chart for Simply Supported Spans - Design Charts for Live Load Moments at Supports of Continuous Beams with Equal Spans / Moments and Shears in Typical Girders / Example: Composite Bridge with Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete Slab on Top of Prestressed I-Girders - Live Load Moments and Shears at Critical Sections - Detailed Design of Prestressed I Beams  / Example:  Bridge Deck with Adjacent Precast Pretensioned Box Beams / Example:  Negative Live Load Moment in Two-Span Continuous Bridge Deck / Slabs for Bridge Decks and Solid Slab Bridges - Equivalent Strip Width for Slab Type Bridges and  Distribution Factor for Slabs - Minimum Depth and Clear Concrete Cover - Cast-in-Place One-Way Prestressed Slabs - Traditional Design of Reinforced Concrete Deck Slabs - Empirical Design of Slabs - Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement - Moments for Slabs Supported on Four Sides / Example:  Design of a Cast-in-Place Posttensioned Slab Bridge / Precast Bridge Beams Made Continuous by a Cast-in-Place RC Slab - Example: Prestressed Bridge Beams Made Continuous by Cast-in-Place RC Slab / Design Charts for Prestressed Bridge Beams / Preliminary Design Tips for Dimensioning / Other Design Considerations / Bridge Engineering:  Looking Ahead / References / Problems

Chapter 15  Strut-and-Tie Modeling

Introduction - Background and Motivation - B- and D-Regions - Trusses and Strut-and-Tie Models - ACI Code Definition / Elements of Strut-and-Tie Models – Assumptions - Mechanical Requirements and Geometry Rules - Requirements for Nodal Zones - External and Unbonded Prestressing Tendons - Terminology / Notation / Design Steps to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) - Initial Checks - Design Steps / Design Philosophy / Design of Ties - Prestressing Tendons / Design of Struts / Design of Nodal Zones – Assumptions – Dimensioning – Anchorages - Nominal Strength / STM by AASHTO LRFD / Anchorage Zones of Prestressed Members / Example: Anchorage Zone Design by STM - Two Spread-Out Anchorages - Two Anchorages Placed Close to Each Other / Dapped-End Beams / Example: Dapped-End Beam Design by STM / Examples of Applications of Strut-and-Tie Models to Various Structures / Concluding Remarks / References / Problems

Appendix A  List of Symbols

Appendix B  Unit Conversions

Appendix C  Typical Post-Tensioning Systems

Appendix D  Answers to Selected Problems

Appendix E  Typical Precast / Prestressed Beams

Index

Errata

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